Title: Data Analysis for IP Addresses and Networks
Version: 1.0.2
Description: Classes and functions for working with IP (Internet Protocol) addresses and networks, inspired by the Python 'ipaddress' module. Offers full support for both IPv4 and IPv6 (Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6) address spaces. It is specifically designed to work well with the 'tidyverse'.
License: MIT + file LICENSE
URL: https://davidchall.github.io/ipaddress/, https://github.com/davidchall/ipaddress
BugReports: https://github.com/davidchall/ipaddress/issues
Depends: R (≥ 3.5)
Imports: cli (≥ 3.4.0), Rcpp, rlang (≥ 1.0.3), vctrs
Suggests: bignum, blob, crayon, dplyr, fuzzyjoin, knitr, pillar, rmarkdown, testthat, tibble, tidyr
LinkingTo: AsioHeaders, Rcpp
VignetteBuilder: knitr
Config/testthat/edition: 3
Encoding: UTF-8
LazyData: true
RoxygenNote: 7.2.3
NeedsCompilation: yes
Packaged: 2023-12-01 16:30:34 UTC; davidhall
Author: David Hall ORCID iD [aut, cre]
Maintainer: David Hall <david.hall.physics@gmail.com>
Repository: CRAN
Date/Publication: 2023-12-01 23:10:02 UTC

ipaddress: Data Analysis for IP Addresses and Networks

Description

logo

Classes and functions for working with IP (Internet Protocol) addresses and networks, inspired by the Python 'ipaddress' module. Offers full support for both IPv4 and IPv6 (Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6) address spaces. It is specifically designed to work well with the 'tidyverse'.

Author(s)

Maintainer: David Hall david.hall.physics@gmail.com (ORCID)

See Also

Useful links:

Network membership of addresses

Description

These functions check whether an address falls within a network.

is_within() performs a one-to-one matching between addresses and networks.

is_within_any() checks if each address falls within any of the networks.

Usage

is_within(address, network)

is_within_any(address, network)

Arguments

address

An ip_address vector

network

An ip_network vector

Value

A logical vector

See Also

Use is_subnet() to check if an ip_network is within another ip_network.

Examples

is_within(ip_address("192.168.2.6"), ip_network("192.168.2.0/28"))

is_within(ip_address("192.168.3.6"), ip_network("192.168.2.0/28"))

is_within_any(ip_address("192.168.3.6"), ip_network(c("192.168.2.0/28", "192.168.3.0/28")))

Collapse contiguous and overlapping networks

Description

Given a vector of networks, this returns the minimal set of networks required to represent the same range of addresses.

Usage

collapse_networks(network)

Arguments

network

An ip_network vector

Value

An ip_network vector (potentially shorter than the input)

See Also

exclude_networks()

Examples

collapse_networks(ip_network(c("192.168.0.0/24", "192.168.1.0/24")))

Find the common network of two addresses

Description

Returns the smallest network that contains both addresses.

This can construct a network from its first and last addresses. However, if the address range does not match the network boundaries, then the result extends beyond the original address range. Use summarize_address_range() to receive a list of networks that exactly match the address range.

Usage

common_network(address1, address2)

Arguments

address1

An ip_address vector

address2

An ip_address vector

Value

An ip_network vector

See Also

summarize_address_range()

Examples

# address range matches network boundaries
common_network(ip_address("192.168.0.0"), ip_address("192.168.0.15"))

# address range does not match network boundaries
common_network(ip_address("192.167.255.255"), ip_address("192.168.0.16"))

Country-level IP networks

Description

Retrieve lists of IP networks registered to specific countries.

Usage

country_networks(country, ..., collapse = TRUE)

Arguments

country

Character vector of two-letter country codes (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2)

...

These dots are for future extensions and must be empty.

collapse

If TRUE (the default), contiguous networks are collapsed. See collapse_networks().

Details

This function requires an internet connection to download network lists.

Value

A data frame with 2 variables:

Each row represents a single country associated with a vector of IP networks.

Source

https://www.iwik.org/ipcountry/ (updated daily)

Examples

## Not run: 
country_networks(c("GB", "US"))

country_networks(c("GB", "US"), collapse = FALSE)

# retrieve networks for a single country
country_networks("TO")$networks[[1]]

# expand networks for multiple countries
tidyr::unchop(country_networks(c("GB", "US")), networks)

## End(Not run)

Remove networks from others

Description

exclude_networks() takes lists of networks to include and exclude. It then calculates the address ranges that are included but not excluded (similar to setdiff()), and finally returns the minimal set of networks needed to describe the remaining address ranges.

Usage

exclude_networks(include, exclude)

Arguments

include

An ip_network vector

exclude

An ip_network vector

Value

An ip_network vector

See Also

collapse_networks(), setdiff()

Examples

exclude_networks(ip_network("192.0.2.0/28"), ip_network("192.0.2.1/32"))

exclude_networks(ip_network("192.0.2.0/28"), ip_network("192.0.2.15/32"))

IPv4 address space allocation

Description

A dataset containing the registry of allocated blocks in IPv4 address space.

Usage

iana_ipv4

Format

A data frame with 121 rows and 3 variables:

network

Address block (an ip_network vector)

allocation

There are three types of allocation:

  • reserved

  • managed by regional Internet registry (RIR)

  • assigned to organization

label

The RIR, organization or purpose for reservation

Note

Last updated 2022-12-12

Source

https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space

See Also

is_reserved()

Examples

iana_ipv4

IPv6 address space allocation

Description

A dataset containing the registry of allocated blocks in IPv6 address space.

Usage

iana_ipv6

Format

A data frame with 47 rows and 3 variables:

network

Address block (an ip_network vector)

allocation

There are two types of allocation:

  • reserved

  • managed by regional Internet registry (RIR)

label

The RIR or purpose for reservation

Note

Last updated 2020-08-18

Source

https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-address-space

https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments

See Also

is_reserved()

Examples

iana_ipv6

Vector of IP addresses

Description

Construct a vector of IP addresses.

Usage

ip_address(x = character())

Arguments

x

A character vector of IP addresses, in dot-decimal notation (IPv4) or hexadecimal notation (IPv6)

Details

An address in IPv4 space uses 32-bits. It is usually represented as 4 groups of 8 bits, each shown as decimal digits (e.g. ⁠192.168.0.1⁠). This is known as dot-decimal notation.

An address in IPv6 space uses 128-bits. It is usually represented as 8 groups of 16 bits, each shown as hexadecimal digits (e.g. ⁠2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334⁠). This representation can also be compressed by removing leading zeros and replacing consecutive groups of zeros with double-colon (e.g. ⁠2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334⁠). Finally, there is also the dual representation. This expresses the final two groups as an IPv4 address (e.g. ⁠2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:3.112.115.52⁠).

The ip_address() constructor accepts a character vector of IP addresses in these two formats. It checks whether each string is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address, and converts it to an ip_address object. If the input is invalid, a warning is emitted and NA is stored instead.

When casting an ip_address object back to a character vector using as.character(), IPv6 addresses are reduced to their compressed representation. A special case is IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses (see is_ipv4_mapped()), which are returned in the dual representation (e.g. ⁠::ffff:192.168.0.1⁠).

ip_address vectors support a number of operators.

Value

An S3 vector of class ip_address

See Also

ip_operators, vignette("ip-data")

Examples

# supports IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously
ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334"))

# validates inputs and replaces with NA
ip_address(c("255.255.255.256", "192.168.0.1/32"))

Cast to IP vector

Description

Methods for converting character vectors and ip_interface vectors to ip_address and ip_network vectors.

Usage

as_ip_address(x)

as_ip_interface(x)

as_ip_network(x)

Arguments

x

An object to cast

Value

Examples

as_ip_address(ip_interface("192.168.0.1/10"))

as_ip_network(ip_interface("192.168.0.1/10"))

Format IP vector

Description

Format vector of IP data using compressed or exploded representation.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'ip_address'
format(x, ..., exploded = FALSE)

## S3 method for class 'ip_interface'
format(x, ..., exploded = FALSE)

## S3 method for class 'ip_network'
format(x, ..., exploded = FALSE)

Arguments

x

An object to format

...

These dots are for future extensions and must be empty.

exploded

Logical scalar. Should IPv6 addresses display leading zeros? (default: FALSE)

Value

A character vector

Examples

format(ip_address("2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334"))

format(ip_address("2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334"), exploded = TRUE)

Vector of IP interfaces

Description

Construct a vector of IP interfaces.

This hybrid class stores both the host address and the network it is on.

Usage

ip_interface(...)

## Default S3 method:
ip_interface(x = character(), ...)

## S3 method for class 'ip_address'
ip_interface(address, prefix_length, ...)

Arguments

...

Arguments passed to methods.

x

A character vector of IP interfaces, in CIDR notation (IPv4 or IPv6)

address

An ip_address vector

prefix_length

An integer vector

Details

Constructing an ip_interface vector is conceptually like constructing an ip_network vector, except the host bits are retained.

The ip_interface class inherits from the ip_address class. This means it can generally be used in places where an ip_address vector is expected. A few exceptions to this rule are:

The ip_interface class additionally supports a few functions typically reserved for ip_network vectors: prefix_length(), netmask() and hostmask().

For other purposes, you can extract the address and network components using as_ip_address() and as_ip_network().

When comparing and sorting ip_interface vectors, the network is compared before the host address.

Value

An S3 vector of class ip_interface

See Also

vignette("ip-data")

Examples

# construct from character vector
ip_interface(c("192.168.0.1/10", "2001:db8:c3::abcd/45"))

# construct from address + prefix length objects
ip_interface(ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8:c3::abcd")), c(10L, 45L))

# extract IP address
x <- ip_interface(c("192.168.0.1/10", "2001:db8:c3::abcd/45"))
as_ip_address(x)

# extract IP network (with host bits masked)
as_ip_network(x)

Vector of IP networks

Description

Construct a vector of IP networks.

Usage

ip_network(...)

## Default S3 method:
ip_network(x = character(), ..., strict = TRUE)

## S3 method for class 'ip_address'
ip_network(address, prefix_length, ..., strict = TRUE)

Arguments

...

Arguments passed to methods.

x

A character vector of IP networks, in CIDR notation (IPv4 or IPv6)

strict

If TRUE (the default) and the input has host bits set, then a warning is emitted and NA is returned. If FALSE, the host bits are set to zero and a valid IP network is returned. If you need to retain the host bits, consider using ip_interface() instead.

address

An ip_address vector

prefix_length

An integer vector

Details

An IP network corresponds to a contiguous range of IP addresses (also known as an IP block). CIDR notation represents an IP network as the routing prefix address (which denotes the start of the range) and the prefix length (which indicates the size of the range) separated by a forward slash. For example, ⁠192.168.0.0/24⁠ represents addresses from ⁠192.168.0.0⁠ to ⁠192.168.0.255⁠.

The prefix length indicates the number of bits reserved by the routing prefix. This means that larger prefix lengths indicate smaller networks. The maximum prefix length is 32 for IPv4 and 128 for IPv6. These would correspond to an IP network of a single IP address.

The ip_network() constructor accepts a character vector of IP networks in CIDR notation. It checks whether each string is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 network, and converts it to an ip_network object. If the input is invalid, a warning is emitted and NA is stored instead.

An alternative constructor accepts an ip_address vector and an integer vector containing the network address and prefix length, respectively.

When casting an ip_network object back to a character vector using as.character(), IPv6 addresses are reduced to their compressed representation.

When comparing and sorting ip_network vectors, the network address is compared before the prefix length.

Value

An S3 vector of class ip_network

See Also

prefix_length(), network_address(), netmask(), hostmask()

vignette("ip-data")

Examples

# construct from character vector
ip_network(c("192.168.0.0/24", "2001:db8::/48"))

# validates inputs and replaces with NA
ip_network(c("192.168.0.0/33", "192.168.0.0"))

# IP networks should not have any host bits set
ip_network("192.168.0.1/22")

# but we can mask the host bits if desired
ip_network("192.168.0.1/22", strict = FALSE)

# construct from address + prefix length
ip_network(ip_address("192.168.0.0"), 24L)

# construct from address + netmask
ip_network(ip_address("192.168.0.0"), prefix_length(ip_address("255.255.255.0")))

# construct from address + hostmask
ip_network(ip_address("192.168.0.0"), prefix_length(ip_address("0.0.0.255")))

Operators for IP addresses

Description

ip_address vectors support the following operators:

Examples

# use ip_to_binary() to understand these examples better

# bitwise NOT
!ip_address("192.168.0.1")

# bitwise AND
ip_address("192.168.0.1") & ip_address("255.0.0.255")

# bitwise OR
ip_address("192.168.0.0") | ip_address("255.0.0.255")

# bitwise XOR
ip_address("192.168.0.0") ^ ip_address("255.0.0.255")

# bitwise shift left
ip_address("192.168.0.1") %<<% 1

# bitwise shift right
ip_address("192.168.0.1") %>>% 1

# addition of integers
ip_address("192.168.0.1") + 10

# subtraction of integers
ip_address("192.168.0.1") - 10

Test for IP vector

Description

Check if an object is an ip_address, ip_network or ip_interface vector.

Usage

is_ip_address(x)

is_ip_interface(x)

is_ip_network(x)

Arguments

x

An object to test

Value

A logical scalar

Examples

is_ip_address(ip_address("192.168.0.1"))
is_ip_interface(ip_interface("192.168.0.1/10"))
is_ip_network(ip_network("192.168.0.0/24"))

Represent address as binary

Description

Encode or decode an ip_address as a binary bit string.

Usage

ip_to_binary(x)

binary_to_ip(x)

Arguments

x

  • ip_to_binary(): An ip_address vector

  • binary_to_ip(): A character vector containing only 0 and 1 characters

Details

The bits are stored in network order (also known as big-endian order), which is part of the IP standard.

IPv4 addresses use 32 bits, IPv6 addresses use 128 bits, and missing values are encoded as NA.

Value

See Also

Other address representations: ip_to_bytes(), ip_to_hex(), ip_to_integer()

Examples

x <- ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334", NA))
ip_to_binary(x)

binary_to_ip(ip_to_binary(x))

Represent address as raw bytes

Description

Encode or decode an ip_address as a list of raw bytes.

Usage

ip_to_bytes(x)

bytes_to_ip(x)

Arguments

x

Details

The bytes are stored in network order (also known as big-endian order), which is part of the IP standard.

IPv4 addresses use 4 bytes, IPv6 addresses use 16 bytes, and missing values are encoded as NULL.

Value

See Also

Use blob::as_blob() to cast result to a blob object

Other address representations: ip_to_binary(), ip_to_hex(), ip_to_integer()

Examples

x <- ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334", NA))
ip_to_bytes(x)

bytes <- list(
  as.raw(c(0xc0, 0xa8, 0x00, 0x01)),
  as.raw(c(
    0x20, 0x01, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x8a, 0x2e, 0x03, 0x70, 0x73, 0x34
  )),
  NULL
)
bytes_to_ip(bytes)

Represent address as hexadecimal

Description

Encode or decode an ip_address as a hexadecimal string.

Usage

ip_to_hex(x)

hex_to_ip(x, is_ipv6 = NULL)

Arguments

x

  • ip_to_hex(): An ip_address vector

  • hex_to_ip(): A character vector containing hexadecimal strings

is_ipv6

A logical vector indicating whether to construct an IPv4 or IPv6 address. If NULL (the default), then IPv4 is preferred but an IPv6 address is constructed when x is too large for the IPv4 address space.

Value

See Also

Other address representations: ip_to_binary(), ip_to_bytes(), ip_to_integer()

Examples

x <- ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334", NA))
ip_to_hex(x)

hex_to_ip(ip_to_hex(x))

Translate address to/from hostname

Description

Perform reverse and forward DNS resolution.

Note: These functions are significantly slower than others in the ipaddress package.

Usage

ip_to_hostname(x)

ip_to_hostname_all(x)

hostname_to_ip(x)

hostname_to_ip_all(x)

Arguments

x

  • ip_to_hostname(): An ip_address vector

  • hostname_to_ip(): A character vector of hostnames

Details

These functions require an internet connection. Before processing the input vector, we first check that a known hostname can be resolved. If this fails, an error is raised.

If DNS lookup cannot resolve an input, then NA is returned for that input. If an error occurs during DNS lookup, then a warning is emitted and NA is returned for that input.

DNS resolution performs a many-to-many mapping between IP addresses and hostnames. For this reason, there are two versions of each function. The regular version returns just the first value and the ⁠_all()⁠ suffix version returns all values.

Value

See Also

The base function nsl() provides forward DNS resolution to IPv4 addresses, but only on Unix-like systems.

Examples

## Not run: 
hostname_to_ip("r-project.org")

ip_to_hostname(hostname_to_ip("r-project.org"))

## End(Not run)

Represent address as integer

Description

Encode or decode an ip_address as an integer.

Usage

ip_to_integer(x)

integer_to_ip(x, is_ipv6 = NULL)

Arguments

x
is_ipv6

A logical vector indicating whether to construct an IPv4 or IPv6 address. If NULL (the default), then IPv4 is preferred but an IPv6 address is constructed when x is too large for the IPv4 address space.

Details

It is common to represent an IP address as an integer, by reinterpreting the bit sequence as a big-endian unsigned integer. This means IPv4 and IPv6 addresses can be represented by 32-bit and 128-bit unsigned integers. In this way, the IPv4 addresses ⁠0.0.0.0⁠ and ⁠255.255.255.255⁠ would be represented as 0 and 4,294,967,295.

The numeric data types within base R (integer and double) have insufficient precision to cover the IPv6 address space. Instead we return a bignum::biginteger vector, which supports arbitrary precision integers.

Value

See Also

Other address representations: ip_to_binary(), ip_to_bytes(), ip_to_hex()

Examples

x <- ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334", NA))
ip_to_integer(x)

integer_to_ip(ip_to_integer(x))

# with IPv4 only, we can use numeric data type
as.numeric(ip_to_integer(ip_address("192.168.0.1")))

integer_to_ip(3232235521)

Internal vctrs methods

Description

Internal vctrs methods

Usage

## S3 method for class 'ip_address'
vec_arith(op, x, y, ...)

## S3 method for class 'ip_interface'
vec_arith(op, x, y, ...)

IPv6 transition mechanisms

Description

There are multiple mechanisms designed to help with the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. These functions make it possible to extract the embedded IPv4 address from an IPv6 address.

Usage

is_ipv4_mapped(x)

is_6to4(x)

is_teredo(x)

extract_ipv4_mapped(x)

extract_6to4(x)

extract_teredo_server(x)

extract_teredo_client(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_address vector

Details

The IPv6 transition mechanisms are described in the IETF memos:

Value

Examples

# these examples show the reserved networks
is_ipv4_mapped(ip_network("::ffff:0.0.0.0/96"))

is_6to4(ip_network("2002::/16"))

is_teredo(ip_network("2001::/32"))

# these examples show embedded IPv4 addresses
extract_ipv4_mapped(ip_address("::ffff:192.168.0.1"))

extract_6to4(ip_address("2002:c000:0204::"))

extract_teredo_server(ip_address("2001:0000:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2"))

extract_teredo_client(ip_address("2001:0000:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2"))

Version of the address space

Description

Version of the address space

Usage

is_ipv4(x)

is_ipv6(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_address or ip_network vector

Value

A logical vector

See Also

max_prefix_length()

Examples

ip <- ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::7334"))

is_ipv4(ip)

is_ipv6(ip)

Reserved addresses

Description

Most of these functions check if an address or network is reserved for special use. The exception is is_global(), which checks if it is not reserved.

A network is considered reserved if both the network_address() and broadcast_address() are reserved.

Usage

is_private(x)

is_global(x)

is_multicast(x)

is_unspecified(x)

is_reserved(x)

is_loopback(x)

is_link_local(x)

is_site_local(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_address or ip_network vector

Details

Here are hyperlinks to the IANA registries of allocated address space:

Value

A logical vector

See Also

Addresses reserved by IPv6 transition mechanisms can be identified by functions described in ipv6-transition.

Examples

is_private(ip_network(c("192.168.0.0/16", "2001:db8::/32")))

is_global(ip_network(c("1.0.0.0/8", "2002::/32")))

is_multicast(ip_network(c("224.0.0.0/4", "ff00::/8")))

is_unspecified(ip_network(c("0.0.0.0/32", "::/128")))

is_reserved(ip_network(c("240.0.0.0/4", "f000::/5")))

is_loopback(ip_network(c("127.0.0.0/8", "::1/128")))

is_link_local(ip_network(c("169.254.0.0/16", "fe80::/10")))

is_site_local(ip_network("fec0::/10"))

Size of the address space

Description

The total number of bits available in the address space. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses.

Usage

max_prefix_length(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_address or ip_network vector

Value

An integer vector

See Also

is_ipv4(), is_ipv6(), prefix_length()

Examples

x <- ip_address(c("192.168.0.1", "2001:db8::7334"))

max_prefix_length(x)

Network mask

Description

prefix_length(), netmask() and hostmask() extract different (but equivalent) representations of the network mask. They accept an ip_network or ip_interface vector.

The functions can also convert between these alternative representations. For example, prefix_length() can infer the prefix length from an ip_address vector of netmasks and/or hostmasks, while netmask() and hostmask() can accept a vector of prefix lengths.

Usage

prefix_length(x)

netmask(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'numeric'
netmask(x, is_ipv6 = NULL, ...)

hostmask(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'numeric'
hostmask(x, is_ipv6 = NULL, ...)

Arguments

x

  • An ip_network vector.

  • An ip_interface vector.

  • prefix_length(): An ip_address vector of netmasks and/or hostmasks. Ambiguous cases (all zeros, all ones) are treated as netmasks.

  • netmask() and hostmask(): An integer vector of prefix lengths.

...

Arguments passed to methods.

is_ipv6

A logical vector indicating whether to construct an IPv4 or IPv6 address. If NULL (the default), then IPv4 is preferred but an IPv6 address is constructed when x is too large for the IPv4 address space.

Value

See Also

max_prefix_length()

Examples

x <- ip_network(c("192.168.0.0/22", "2001:db00::0/26"))

prefix_length(x)

netmask(x)

hostmask(x)

# construct netmask/hostmask from prefix length
netmask(c(22L, 26L), c(FALSE, TRUE))

hostmask(c(22L, 26L), c(FALSE, TRUE))

# extract prefix length from netmask/hostmask
prefix_length(ip_address(c("255.255.255.0", "0.255.255.255")))

# invalid netmask/hostmask raise a warning and return NA
prefix_length(ip_address("255.255.255.1"))

Network membership of other networks

Description

is_supernet() and is_subnet() check if one network is a true supernet or subnet of another network; overlaps() checks for any overlap between two networks.

Usage

is_supernet(network, other)

is_subnet(network, other)

overlaps(network, other)

Arguments

network

An ip_network vector

other

An ip_network vector

Value

A logical vector

See Also

Use is_within() to check if an ip_address is within an ip_network.

Use supernet() and subnets() to traverse the network hierarchy.

Examples

net1 <- ip_network("192.168.1.128/30")
net2 <- ip_network("192.168.1.0/24")

is_supernet(net1, net2)

is_subnet(net1, net2)

overlaps(net1, net2)

Network size

Description

network_address() and broadcast_address() yield the first and last addresses of the network; num_addresses() gives the total number of addresses in the network.

Usage

network_address(x)

broadcast_address(x)

num_addresses(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_network vector

Details

The broadcast address is a special address at which any host connected to the network can receive messages. That is, packets sent to this address are received by all hosts on the network. In IPv4, the last address of a network is the broadcast address. Although IPv6 does not follow this approach to broadcast addresses, the broadcast_address() function still returns the last address of the network.

Value

See Also

Use seq.ip_network() to generate all addresses in a network.

Examples

x <- ip_network(c("192.168.0.0/22", "2001:db8::/33"))

network_address(x)

broadcast_address(x)

num_addresses(x)

Reverse DNS pointer

Description

Returns the PTR record used by reverse DNS.

Usage

reverse_pointer(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_address vector

Details

These documents describe reverse DNS lookup in more detail:

Value

A character vector

Examples

reverse_pointer(ip_address("127.0.0.1"))

reverse_pointer(ip_address("2001:db8::1"))

Sample random addresses

Description

sample_ipv4() and sample_ipv6() sample from the entire address space; sample_network() samples from a specific network.

Usage

sample_ipv4(size, ..., replace = FALSE)

sample_ipv6(size, ..., replace = FALSE)

sample_network(x, size, ..., replace = FALSE)

Arguments

size

Integer specifying the number of addresses to return

...

These dots are for future extensions and must be empty.

replace

Should sampling be with replacement? (default: FALSE)

x

An ip_network scalar

Value

An ip_address vector

See Also

Use seq.ip_network() to generate all addresses in a network.

Examples

sample_ipv4(5)

sample_ipv6(5)

sample_network(ip_network("192.168.0.0/16"), 5)

sample_network(ip_network("2001:db8::/48"), 5)

List addresses within a network

Description

seq() returns all hosts

hosts() returns only usable hosts

Usage

## S3 method for class 'ip_network'
seq(x, ...)

hosts(x)

Arguments

x

An ip_network scalar

...

These dots are for future extensions and must be empty.

Details

In IPv4, the unusable hosts are the network address and the broadcast address (i.e. the first and last addresses in the network). In IPv6, the only unusable host is the subnet router anycast address (i.e. the first address in the network).

For networks with a prefix length of 31 (for IPv4) or 127 (for IPv6), the unusable hosts are included in the results of hosts().

The ipaddress package does not support long vectors (i.e. vectors with more than 2^31 - 1 elements). As a result, these two functions do not support networks larger than this size. This corresponds to prefix lengths less than 2 (for IPv4) or 98 (for IPv6). However, you might find that machine memory imposes stricter limitations.

Value

An ip_address vector

See Also

Use network_address() and broadcast_address() to get the first and last address of a network.

Use sample_network() to randomly sample addresses from a network.

Use subnets() to list the subnetworks within a network.

Examples

seq(ip_network("192.168.0.0/30"))

seq(ip_network("2001:db8::/126"))

hosts(ip_network("192.168.0.0/30"))

hosts(ip_network("2001:db8::/126"))

List constituent networks of an address range

Description

Given an address range, this returns the list of constituent networks.

If you know the address range matches the boundaries of a single network, it might be preferable to use common_network(). This returns an ip_network vector instead of a list of ip_network vectors.

Usage

summarize_address_range(address1, address2)

Arguments

address1

An ip_address vector

address2

An ip_address vector

Value

A list of ip_network vectors

See Also

common_network()

Examples

# address range matches network boundaries
summarize_address_range(ip_address("192.168.0.0"), ip_address("192.168.0.15"))

# address range does not match network boundaries
summarize_address_range(ip_address("192.167.255.255"), ip_address("192.168.0.16"))

Traverse the network hierarchy

Description

These functions step up and down the network hierarchy. supernet() returns the supernetwork containing the given network. subnets() returns the list of subnetworks which join to make the given network.

Usage

supernet(x, new_prefix = prefix_length(x) - 1L)

subnets(x, new_prefix = prefix_length(x) + 1L)

Arguments

x

An ip_network vector

new_prefix

An integer vector indicating the desired prefix length. By default, this steps a single level through the hierarchy.

Details

The ipaddress package does not support long vectors (i.e. vectors with more than 2^31 - 1 elements). The limits the number of subnetworks that subnets() can return. However, you might find that machine memory imposes stricter limitations.

Value

See Also

Use seq.ip_network() to list the addresses within a network.

Use is_supernet() and is_subnet() to check if one network is contained within another.

Examples

supernet(ip_network("192.168.0.0/24"))

supernet(ip_network("192.168.0.0/24"), new_prefix = 10L)

subnets(ip_network("192.168.0.0/24"))

subnets(ip_network("192.168.0.0/24"), new_prefix = 27L)