S3 Group Generic Functions

Description

Group generic methods can be defined for the following pre-specified groups of functions, Math, Ops, matrixOps, Summary and Complex. (There are no objects of these names in base R, but there are in the methods package.)

A method defined for an individual member of the group takes precedence over a method defined for the group as a whole.

Usage

## S3 methods for group generics have prototypes:
Math(x, ...)
Ops(e1, e2)
Complex(z)
Summary(..., na.rm = FALSE)
matrixOps(x, y)

Arguments

Details

There are five groups for which S3 methods can be written, namely the "Math", "Ops", "Summary", "matrixOps", and "Complex" groups. These are not R objects in base R, but methods can be supplied for them and base R contains factor, data.frame and difftime methods for the first three groups. (There is also a ordered method for Ops, POSIXt and Date methods for Math and Ops, package_version methods for Ops and Summary, as well as a ts method for Ops in package stats.)

1. Group "Math":

   • abs, sign, sqrt,
     floor, ceiling, trunc,
     round, signif

   • exp, log, expm1, log1p,
     cos, sin, tan,
     cospi, sinpi, tanpi,
     acos, asin, atan

     cosh, sinh, tanh,
     acosh, asinh, atanh

   • lgamma, gamma, digamma, trigamma

   • cumsum, cumprod, cummax, cummin

   Members of this group dispatch on x. Most members accept only one argument, but members log, round and signif accept one or two arguments, and trunc accepts one or more.

2. Group "Ops":

   • "+", "-", "*", "/", "^", "%%", "%/%"

   • "&", "|", "!"

   • "==", "!=", "<", "<=", ">=", ">"

   This group contains both binary and unary operators (+, - and !): when a unary operator is encountered the Ops method is called with one argument and e2 is missing.

   The classes of both arguments are considered in dispatching any member of this group. For each argument its vector of classes is examined to see if there is a matching specific (preferred) or Ops method. If a method is found for just one argument or the same method is found for both, it is used. If different methods are found, then the generic chooseOpsMethod() is called to pick the appropriate method. (See ?chooseOpsMethod for details). If chooseOpsMethod() does not resolve the method, then there is a warning about ‘incompatible methods’: in that case or if no method is found for either argument the internal method is used.

   Note that the data.frame methods for the comparison ("Compare": ==, <, ...) and logic ("Logic": & | and !) operators return a logical matrix instead of a data frame, for convenience and back compatibility.

   If the members of this group are called as functions, any argument names are removed to ensure that positional matching is always used.

3. Group "matrixOps":

   • "%*%"

   This group currently contains the matrix multiply %*% binary operator only, where at least crossprod() and tcrossprod() are meant to follow. Members of the group have the same dispatch semantics (using both arguments) as the Ops group.

4. Group "Summary":

   • all, any

   • sum, prod

   • min, max

   • range

   Members of this group dispatch on the first argument supplied.

   Note that the data.frame methods for the "Summary" and "Math" groups require “numeric-alike” columns x, i.e., fulfilling

         is.numeric(x) || is.logical(x) || is.complex(x)

5. Group "Complex":

   • Arg, Conj, Im, Mod, Re

   Members of this group dispatch on z.

Note that a method will be used for one of these groups or one of its members only if it corresponds to a "class" attribute, as the internal code dispatches on oldClass and not on class. This is for efficiency: having to dispatch on, say, Ops.integer would be too slow.

The number of arguments supplied for primitive members of the "Math" group generic methods is not checked prior to dispatch.

There is no lazy evaluation of arguments for group-generic functions.

Technical Details

These functions are all primitive and internal generic.

The details of method dispatch and variables such as .Generic are discussed in the help for UseMethod. There are a few small differences:

• For the operators of group Ops, the object .Method is a length-two character vector with elements the methods selected for the left and right arguments respectively. (If no method was selected, the corresponding element is "".)

• Object .Group records the group used for dispatch (if a specific method is used this is "").

Note

Package methods does contain objects with these names, which it has re-used in confusing similar (but different) ways. See the help for that package.

References

⁠Chambers JM (1992). “Classes and Methods: Object-Oriented Programming in S.” In Chambers JM, Hastie TJ (eds.), Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. Appendix A.

See Also

methods for methods of non-internal generic functions.

S4groupGeneric for group generics for S4 methods.

Examples

require(utils)

d.fr <- data.frame(x = 1:9, y = stats::rnorm(9))
class(1 + d.fr) == "data.frame" ##-- add to d.f. ...

methods("Math")
methods("Ops")
methods("Summary")
methods("Complex")  # none in base R