[R] measuring distances between colours?
Michael Friendly
friendly at yorku.ca
Sat Jun 1 17:33:10 CEST 2013
Just a quick note: The following two versions of your function don't
give the same results. I'm not sure why, and also not sure why the
criterion for 'near' should be expressed in squared distance.
# version 1
rgb2col <- local({
hex2dec <- function(hexnums) {
# suggestion of Eik Vettorazzi
sapply(strtoi(hexnums, 16L), function(x) x %/% 256^(2:0) %% 256)
}
findMatch <- function(dec.col) {
sq.dist <- colSums((hsv - dec.col)^2)
rbind(which.min(sq.dist), min(sq.dist))
}
colors <- colors()
hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(colors))
function(cols, near=0.25) {
cols <- sub("^#", "", toupper(cols))
dec.cols <- rgb2hsv(hex2dec(cols))
which.col <- apply(dec.cols, 2, findMatch)
matches <- colors[which.col[1, ]]
unmatched <- which.col[2, ] > near^2
matches[unmatched] <- paste("#", cols[unmatched], sep="")
matches
}
})
# version 2
rgb2col2 <- local({
all.names <- colors()
all.hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(all.names))
find.near <- function(x.hsv) {
# return the nearest R color name and distance
sq.dist <- colSums((all.hsv - x.hsv)^2)
rbind(all.names[which.min(sq.dist)], min(sq.dist))
}
function(cols.hex, near=.25){
cols.hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(cols.hex))
cols.near <- apply(cols.hsv, 2, find.near)
ifelse(cols.near[2,] < near^2, cols.near[1,], cols.hex)
}
})
# tests
> rgb2col(c("#010101", "#EEEEEE", "#AA0000", "#00AA00", "#0000AA",
"#AAAA00", "#AA00AA", "#00AAAA"))
[1] "black" "gray93" "darkred" "green4"
[5] "blue4" "darkgoldenrod" "darkmagenta" "cyan4"
> rgb2col2(c("#010101", "#EEEEEE", "#AA0000", "#00AA00", "#0000AA",
"#AAAA00", "#AA00AA", "#00AAAA"))
[1] "#010101" "#EEEEEE" "darkred" "green4"
[5] "blue4" "darkgoldenrod" "darkmagenta" "cyan4"
>
On 5/31/2013 7:42 PM, John Fox wrote:
> Dear Kevin,
>
> I generally prefer your solution. I didn't realize that col2rgb() worked
> with hex-colour input (as opposed to named colours), so my code converting
> hex numbers to decimal is unnecessary; and using ifelse() is clearer than
> replacing the non-matches.
>
> I'm not so sure about avoiding the closure, since for converting small
> numbers of colours, your function will spend most of its time constructing
> the local function find.near() and building all.hsv. Here's an example,
> using your rgb2col() and a comparable function employing a closure, with one
> of your examples executed 100 times:
>
>> r2c <- function(){
> + all.names <- colors()
> + all.hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(all.names))
> + find.near <- function(x.hsv) {
> + # return the nearest R color name and distance
> + sq.dist <- colSums((all.hsv - x.hsv)^2)
> + rbind(all.names[which.min(sq.dist)], min(sq.dist))
> + }
> + function(cols.hex, near=.25){
> + cols.hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(cols.hex))
> + cols.near <- apply(cols.hsv, 2, find.near)
> + ifelse(cols.near[2,] < near^2, cols.near[1,], cols.hex)
> + }
> + }
>
>> mycols <- c("#010101", "#EEEEEE", "#AA0000", "#00AA00", "#0000AA",
> + "#AAAA00", "#AA00AA", "#00AAAA")
>
>> system.time(for (i in 1:100) oldnew <- c(mycols, rgb2col(mycols,
> near=.25)))
> user system elapsed
> 1.97 0.00 1.97
>
>> system.time({rgb2col2 <- r2c()
> + for (i in 1:100) oldnew2 <- c(mycols, rgb2col2(mycols, near=.25))
> + })
> user system elapsed
> 0.08 0.00 0.08
>
>> rbind(oldnew, oldnew2)
> [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
> oldnew "#010101" "#EEEEEE" "#AA0000" "#00AA00" "#0000AA" "#AAAA00"
> oldnew2 "#010101" "#EEEEEE" "#AA0000" "#00AA00" "#0000AA" "#AAAA00"
> [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12]
> oldnew "#AA00AA" "#00AAAA" "#010101" "#EEEEEE" "darkred" "green4"
> oldnew2 "#AA00AA" "#00AAAA" "#010101" "#EEEEEE" "darkred" "green4"
> [,13] [,14] [,15] [,16]
> oldnew "blue4" "darkgoldenrod" "darkmagenta" "cyan4"
> oldnew2 "blue4" "darkgoldenrod" "darkmagenta" "cyan4"
>
> Does this really make a difference? Frankly, it wouldn't for my application
> (for colour selection in the Rcmdr) where a user is likely to perform at
> most one or two conversions of a small number of colours in a session. The
> time advantage of the second approach will depend upon the number of times
> the function is invoked and the number of colours converted each time.
>
> Best,
> John
>
>> -----Original Message-----
>> From: r-help-bounces at r-project.org [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-
>> project.org] On Behalf Of Kevin Wright
>> Sent: Friday, May 31, 2013 3:39 PM
>> To: Martin Maechler
>> Cc: r-help; John Fox
>> Subject: Re: [R] measuring distances between colours?
>>
>> Thanks for the discussion. I've also wanted to be able to find nearest
>> colors. I took the code and comments in this thread and simplified the
>> function even further. (Personally, I think using closures results in
>> Rube-Goldberg code. YMMV.) The first example below is what I use for
>> 'group' colors in lattice.
>>
>> Kevin Wright
>>
>> rgb2col <- function(cols.hex, near=.25){
>> # Given a vector of hex colors, find the nearest 'named' R colors
>> # If no color closer than 'near' is found, return the hex color
>> # Authors: John Fox, Martin Maechler, Kevin Wright
>> # From r-help discussion 5.30.13
>>
>> find.near <- function(x.hsv) {
>> # return the nearest R color name and distance
>> sq.dist <- colSums((all.hsv - x.hsv)^2)
>> rbind(all.names[which.min(sq.dist)], min(sq.dist))
>> }
>> all.names <- colors()
>> all.hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(all.names))
>> cols.hsv <- rgb2hsv(col2rgb(cols.hex))
>> cols.near <- apply(cols.hsv, 2, find.near)
>> ifelse(cols.near[2,] < near^2, cols.near[1,], cols.hex)
>> }
>>
>> mycols <- c("royalblue", "red", "#009900", "dark orange", "#999999",
>> "#a6761d", "#aa00da")
>> mycols <- c("#010101", "#EEEEEE", "#AA0000", "#00AA00", "#0000AA",
>> "#AAAA00", "#AA00AA", "#00AAAA")
>> mycols <- c("#010101", "#090909", "#090000", "#000900", "#000009",
>> "#090900", "#090009", "#000909")
>> oldnew <- c(mycols, rgb2col(mycols, near=.25)) # Also try near=10
>> pie(rep(1,2*length(mycols)), labels=oldnew, col=oldnew)
>>
>> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>>
>> ______________________________________________
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>> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-
>> guide.html
>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
--
Michael Friendly Email: friendly AT yorku DOT ca
Professor, Psychology Dept. & Chair, Quantitative Methods
York University Voice: 416 736-2100 x66249 Fax: 416 736-5814
4700 Keele Street Web: http://www.datavis.ca
Toronto, ONT M3J 1P3 CANADA
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