[R] NA command in a 'for' loop
William Dunlap
wdun|@p @end|ng |rom t|bco@com
Tue Apr 21 20:20:05 CEST 2020
Read the files with read.csv(filename) or read.table(sep=",", filename) so
the commas don't become part of the R data.frame.
Bill Dunlap
TIBCO Software
wdunlap tibco.com
On Tue, Apr 21, 2020 at 10:17 AM Helen Sawaya <helensawaya using hotmail.com>
wrote:
> Thank you for your patience.
>
> This is the output of dput(head(d, 10))
>
> structure(list(V1 = structure(c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L,
> 1L, 1L), .Label = "9.9761E+11,", class = "factor"), V2 = structure(c(1L,
> 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), .Label = "threat,", class =
> "factor"),
> V3 = structure(c(1L, 28L, 37L, 48L, 55L, 63L, 73L, 88L, 2L,
> 20L), .Label = c("1,", "10,", "100,", "101,", "102,", "104,",
> "107,", "108,", "109,", "110,", "111,", "112,", "113,", "114,",
> "115,", "116,", "117,", "118,", "119,", "12,", "13,", "14,",
> "15,", "16,", "17,", "18,", "19,", "2,", "20,", "21,", "22,",
> "23,", "24,", "27,", "28,", "29,", "3,", "30,", "31,", "32,",
> "33,", "34,", "35,", "36,", "37,", "38,", "39,", "4,", "42,",
> "44,", "46,", "47,", "48,", "49,", "5,", "50,", "52,", "53,",
> "54,", "55,", "57,", "59,", "6,", "60,", "61,", "62,", "63,",
> "64,", "65,", "66,", "68,", "69,", "7,", "71,", "74,", "75,",
> "76,", "78,", "81,", "82,", "83,", "84,", "85,", "86,", "87,",
> "88,", "89,", "9,", "90,", "91,", "92,", "94,", "95,", "96,",
> "97,", "98,"), class = "factor"), V4 = structure(c(1L, 2L,
> 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L), .Label = c("1,", "2,"), class =
> "factor"),
> V5 = structure(c(2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L), .Label =
> c("1,",
> "2,"), class = "factor"), V6 = structure(c(2L, 1L, 2L, 2L,
> 1L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 2L), .Label = c("1,", "2,"), class = "factor"),
> V7 = structure(c(2L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L), .Label =
> c("1,",
> "2,"), class = "factor"), V8 = structure(c(41L, 92L, 63L,
> 36L, 2L, 81L, 12L, 14L, 23L, 33L), .Label = c("abduction,",
> "abortion,", "abuse,", "accident,", "addicted,", "agony,",
> "anger,", "angry,", "anguish,", "assault,", "bankrupt,",
> "bullet,", "burial,", "cancer,", "cemetery,", "coffin,",
> "corpse,", "crash,", "crisis,", "cruel,", "death,", "defeated,",
> "depressed,", "deserted,", "despair,", "destroy,", "disaster,",
> "disloyal,", "distress,", "dreadful,", "drown,", "dull,",
> "dump,", "emaciated,", "failure,", "fatigue,", "fault,",
> "feeble,", "fever,", "filth,", "forlorn,", "germs,", "gloomy,",
> "hardship,", "hell,", "helpless,", "horror,", "hostage,",
> "hostile,", "hurt,", "idiot,", "infest,", "injury,", "irritable,",
> "jail,", "killer,", "lonely,", "malaria,", "messy,", "misery,",
> "mistake,", "morbid,", "murder,", "mutilate,", "pain,", "panic,",
> "poison,", "prison,", "pus,", "rape,", "rat,", "rejected,",
> "sad,", "scum,", "shame,", "sick,", "slap,", "snake,", "spider,",
> "suicide,", "surgery,", "terrible,", "tormented,", "trash,",
> "trauma,", "ugly,", "ulcer,", "unease,", "unhappy,", "useless,",
> "victim,", "wasp,", "weep,", "worm,", "wound,"), class = "factor"),
> V9 = structure(c(24L, 90L, 73L, 10L, 92L, 33L, 84L, 96L,
> 70L, 57L), .Label = c("alley,", "ankle,", "appliance,", "audience,",
> "bandage,", "bathroom,", "bookcase,", "border,", "branch,",
> "cabinet,", "category,", "clean,", "cliff,", "cold,", "consider,",
> "consoled,", "context,", "country,", "crop,", "dentist,",
> "detail,", "dinner,", "doctor,", "dynamic,", "easygoing,",
> "elbow,", "energetic,", "farm,", "faucet,", "flat,", "flowing,",
> "fork,", "freezer,", "glass,", "grass,", "guess,", "humble,",
> "icebox,", "industry,", "invisible,", "jug,", "lighting,",
> "lion,", "listen,", "little,", "machine,", "metal,", "month,",
> "mushroom,", "napkin,", "news,", "noisy,", "north,", "nudge,",
> "number,", "numerous,", "obey,", "odd,", "oval,", "plant,",
> "possible,", "pot,", "public,", "puzzled,", "quarter,", "rational,",
> "ready,", "reflect,", "reliable,", "repentant,", "sand,",
> "school,", "secret,", "series,", "shark,", "shoe,", "shop,",
> "shortened,", "skyline,", "stable,", "storm,", "stove,",
> "table,", "theory,", "tower,", "truck,", "upgrade,", "upright,",
> "utensil,", "vest,", "vision,", "volcano,", "walk,", "watchful,",
> "window,", "winter,"), class = "factor"), V10 = structure(c(1L,
> 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), .Label = "NA,", class =
> "factor"),
> V11 = structure(c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), .Label =
> "NA,", class = "factor"),
> V12 = structure(c(2L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L), .Label =
> c("203,",
> "205,"), class = "factor"), V13 = structure(c(1L, 1L, 1L,
> 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), .Label = "1,", class = "factor"),
> V14 = c(4063L, 4914L, 1508L, 1819L, 1228L, 992L, 1898L, 1174L,
> 1294L, 1417L)), row.names = c(NA, 10L), class = "data.frame”)
>
> When I use the following:
>
> all.files <- list.files(".")
> txt.files <- grep("threat.txt",all.files,value=T)
>
> for(i in txt.files) {
> d<-read.table(i, header=FALSE)
> d[] <- lapply(d, function(x) {is.na(x) <- x == 0; x})
> write.table(d,paste0(i, "trial.txt"), quote=FALSE, row.names=FALSE)}
>
> I get this (an example of one of the output files with zeros in V13):
>
> V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V12 V13 V14
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, useless, flowing, NA, NA, 203, 1, 949
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, hostage, skyline, NA, NA, 203, 1, 1116
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, messy, ready, NA, NA, 205, 1, 1277
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 6, 2, 1, 2, 2, emaciated, shortened, NA, NA, 205, 1,
> 691
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1, abuse, plant, NA, NA, 203, 1, 660
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 8, 2, 1, 2, 2, tormented, easygoing, NA, NA, 205, 1,
> 812
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 9, 1, 2, 2, 2, hurt, sand, NA, NA, 205, 1, 917
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, surgery, freezer, NA, NA, 203, 1, 1829
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 12, 2, 2, 1, 2, accident, category, NA, NA, 205, 1,
> 821
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 13, 2, 1, 2, 2, terrible, energetic, NA, NA, 205, 1,
> 783
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 14, 1, 2, 2, 1, wound, storm, NA, NA, 203, 1, 813
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 15, 1, 1, 1, 2, victim, utensil, NA, NA, 205, 1, 1132
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 16, 2, 2, 1, 2, bankrupt, lighting, NA, NA, 203, 0,
> 1510
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 17, 1, 1, 1, 2, anguish, country, NA, NA, 203, 0, 811
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 18, 2, 2, 1, 1, snake, table, NA, NA, 203, 1, 805
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 19, 1, 1, 1, 2, slap, crop, NA, NA, 205, 1, 1180
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 20, 2, 1, 2, 2, scum, shoe, NA, NA, 205, 1, 792
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 21, 1, 2, 2, 1, weep, shop, NA, NA, 203, 1, 870
> 3.17903E+11, threat, 23, 2, 1, 2, 1, spider, border, NA, NA, 203, 1, 871
>
> str(d) gives me the following:
>
> 'data.frame': 96 obs. of 14 variables:
> $ V1 : Factor w/ 1 level "9.9761E+11,": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
> $ V2 : Factor w/ 1 level "threat,": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
> $ V3 : Factor w/ 96 levels "1,","10,","100,",..: 1 28 37 48 55 63 73 88 2
> 20 ...
> $ V4 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,": 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 ...
> $ V5 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,": 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 ...
> $ V6 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,": 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 ...
> $ V7 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,": 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 ...
> $ V8 : Factor w/ 95 levels "abduction,","abortion,",..: 41 92 63 36 2 81
> 12 14 23 33 ...
> $ V9 : Factor w/ 96 levels "alley,","ankle,",..: 24 90 73 10 92 33 84 96
> 70 57 ...
> $ V10: Factor w/ 1 level "NA,": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
> $ V11: Factor w/ 1 level "NA,": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
> $ V12: Factor w/ 2 levels "203,","205,": 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 ...
> $ V13: Factor w/ 1 level "1,": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
> $ V14: int 4063 4914 1508 1819 1228 992 1898 1174 1294 1417 …
>
> When I use this:
>
> for(i in txt.files) {
> d<-read.table(i, header=FALSE)
> d2<-d[d$V13==1,]
> write.table(d2,sub("[.]",".trial.",i),quote=FALSE,row.names=FALSE)
> }
>
> I get empty files:
>
> str(d2)
> 'data.frame': 0 obs. of 14 variables:
> $ V1 : Factor w/ 1 level "9.9761E+11,":
> $ V2 : Factor w/ 1 level "threat,":
> $ V3 : Factor w/ 96 levels "1,","10,","100,",..:
> $ V4 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,":
> $ V5 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,":
> $ V6 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,":
> $ V7 : Factor w/ 2 levels "1,","2,":
> $ V8 : Factor w/ 95 levels "abduction,","abortion,",..:
> $ V9 : Factor w/ 96 levels "alley,","ankle,",..:
> $ V10: Factor w/ 1 level "NA,":
> $ V11: Factor w/ 1 level "NA,":
> $ V12: Factor w/ 2 levels "203,","205,":
> $ V13: Factor w/ 1 level "1,":
> $ V14: int
>
> When I use as.integer to change V13 to an integer, the output of this
> column is replaced by 1s and 2s..
>
>
> > On Apr 21, 2020, at 1:14 AM, Rui Barradas <ruipbarradas using sapo.pt> wrote:
> >
> > Hello,
> >
> > Thanks for the data. But since the replacements still do not work,
> please post the output of
> >
> > dput(head(d, 10))
> >
> >
> > in order for us to have an *exact* copy of the data structure.
> > I had asked for 20 or 30 rows but given your post 10 are enough.
> > With a way to exactly reproduce what you have, it will be much easier to
> try code and find a solution. I, and I believe most R users, will run
> >
> > str(d)
> >
> > as one of the first steps to know what is in that problem column. And go
> from there.
> >
> >
> > Hope this helps,
> >
> > Rui Barradas
> >
> > Às 04:52 de 21/04/20, Helen Sawaya escreveu:
> >> Thank you all for your input.
> >> This is an example of one data file (I have 74 data files):
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, death, stove,
> NA, NA, 205, 0, 394
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, emaciated, shortened,
> NA, NA, 205, 0, 502
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, mutilate, consider,
> NA, NA, 205, 1, 468
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 6, 1, 2, 2, 1, weep, shop,
> NA, NA, 203, 1, 345
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 9, 2, 1, 2, 2, tormented, easygoing,
> NA, NA, 205, 1, 373
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 10, 1, 2, 2, 2, snake, table,
> NA, NA, 205, 1, 343
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 11, 2, 2, 1, 1, crisis, faucet,
> NA, NA, 203, 1, 437
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 12, 1, 1, 1, 1, victim, utensil,
> NA, NA, 203, 1, 343
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 14, 1, 2, 2, 1, depressed, repentant,
> NA, NA, 203, 1, 441
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 15, 2, 2, 1, 2, scum, shoe,
> NA, NA, 205, 1, 475
> >> Column 13 has values of 0s and 1s which my cognitive task outputted.
> Column 14 is the reaction time (ms) data. I want to get rid of the rows
> that contain zeros so I thought I'd first replace zeros with NAs then use
> complete.cases function to get rid of the NAs. I also wanted to apply other
> functions so I included them all in a loop. All work fine except for the
> one where I try to turn the zeros to NAs.
> >> Jim when I tried your mockdata example, it worked fine. But when I
> translated it to my data, I still get zeros in the output. Can you identify
> any mistranslations I'm doing?
> >> txt.files<-list.files(".",pattern="dotprobe") #all my data files are
> text files in one folder
> >> for(tf in txt.files) {
> >> d<-read.table(tf)
> >> d[,13][d[,13]==0]<-NA #column 13 contains zeros
> >> d<-d[ ,-c(10,11)] #get rid of columns 10 and 11
> >> write.table(d,sub("[.]",".tlbs.",tf),quote=FALSE, row.names=FALSE)
> >> }
> >> That's an example of one of the output I get:
> >> V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V12 V13 V14
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, death, stove, 205, 0, 394
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, emaciated, shortened, 205, 0, 502
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, mutilate, consider, 205, 1, 468
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 6, 1, 2, 2, 1, weep, shop, 203, 1, 345
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 9, 2, 1, 2, 2, tormented, easygoing, 205, 1, 373
> >> 2.90546E+11, threat, 10, 1, 2, 2, 2, snake, table, 205, 1, 343
> >> Columns 10 and 11 were deleted. But zeros were not replaced by NAs.
> >> After all the data cleaning, the functions I'm interested in including
> in the loop are: get_tlbs and summarize_bias (and these also work fine in
> my loop).
> >> Thanks again 🙂
> >> Sincerely
> >> Helen
> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >> *From:* Jim Lemon <drjimlemon using gmail.com>
> >> *Sent:* Tuesday, April 21, 2020 2:52 AM
> >> *To:* Rui Barradas <ruipbarradas using sapo.pt>
> >> *Cc:* Helen Sawaya <helensawaya using hotmail.com>; Michael Dewey <
> lists using dewey.myzen.co.uk>; r-help using R-project.org <r-help using r-project.org>
> >> *Subject:* Re: [R] NA command in a 'for' loop
> >> Hi Helen,
> >> Your problem may lie in using row.names=TRUE. I was puzzled when an
> >> extra column kept popping up in the output files. For reading in and
> >> replacing zeros with NAs, this seems to work:
> >> for(mockdata in 1:3) {
> >> mdf<-data.frame(sample(2:20,10),sample(2:20,10),sample(0:1,10,TRUE))
> >> write.table(mdf,file=paste0("threat",mockdata,".txt"),quote=FALSE,
> >> row.names=FALSE,col.names=FALSE)
> >> }
> >> txt.files<-list.files(".",pattern="threat[1-3]")
> >> for(tf in txt.files) {
> >> d<-read.table(tf)
> >> d[,3][d[,3]==0]<-NA
> >> write.table(d,sub("[.]",".tbls.",tf),quote=FALSE,row.names=FALSE)
> >> }
> >> Jim
> >> On Tue, Apr 21, 2020 at 7:57 AM Rui Barradas <ruipbarradas using sapo.pt>
> wrote:
> >>>
> >>> Hello,
> >>>
> >>> I believe the only way we have to see what is happening is for you to
> >>> post the output of
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> dput(head(d, 20)) # or 30
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> or, with d2 a subset of d that includes zeros,
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> dput(head(d2, 20))
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Hope this helps,
> >>>
> >>> Rui Barradas
> >>>
> >>> Às 17:48 de 20/04/20, Helen Sawaya escreveu:
> >>> > I have one column that represents correct response versus error
> (correct
> >>> > is coded as 1 and error is coded as 0). Nowhere else in the dataset
> are
> >>> > there values of 0. The vector is treated as an integer.
> >>> >
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >>> > *From:* Michael Dewey <lists using dewey.myzen.co.uk>
> >>> > *Sent:* Monday, April 20, 2020 7:35 PM
> >>> > *To:* Helen Sawaya <helensawaya using hotmail.com>; Rui Barradas
> >>> > <ruipbarradas using sapo.pt>; r-help using R-project.org <r-help using R-project.org>
> >>> > *Subject:* Re: [R] NA command in a 'for' loop
> >>> > Just a thought Helen but is x being treated as a real and what you
> think
> >>> > are zero and are printed as zero are in fact some very small number?
> If
> >>> > so you need to alter your test appropriately.
> >>> >
> >>> > Michael
> >>> >
> >>> > On 20/04/2020 17:25, Helen Sawaya wrote:
> >>> >> Thank you for your reply.
> >>> >>
> >>> >> I tried d[] <- lapply(d, function(x) {is.na(x) <- x == 0; x})
> >>> >> but I am still getting zeros instead of NAs in my output..
> >>> >>
> >>> >> I wonder if the problem is that some of my data files don't have
> any zeros (participants made no errors)..
> >>> >> ________________________________
> >>> >> From: Rui Barradas <ruipbarradas using sapo.pt>
> >>> >> Sent: Monday, April 20, 2020 9:05 AM
> >>> >> To: Helen Sawaya <helensawaya using hotmail.com>; r-help using R-project.org
> <r-help using R-project.org>
> >>> >> Subject: Re: [R] NA command in a 'for' loop
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Hello,
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Instead of
> >>> >>
> >>> >> d[d == 0] <- NA
> >>> >>
> >>> >> try
> >>> >>
> >>> >> d[] <- lapply(d, function(x) {is.na(x) <- x == 0; x})
> >>> >>
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Also, in the first for loop
> >>> >>
> >>> >> paste(i, sep = "")
> >>> >>
> >>> >> does nothing, it's the same as i.
> >>> >> And the same for
> >>> >>
> >>> >> (d2$V4 == 1) == TRUE
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Since (d2$V4 == 1) already is FALSE/TRUE there is no need for
> >>> >>
> >>> >> (.) == TRUE
> >>> >>
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Hope this helps,
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Rui Barradas
> >>> >>
> >>> >>
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Às 20:52 de 19/04/20, Helen Sawaya escreveu:
> >>> >>> Dear R experts,
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> I am using a 'for' loop to apply commands to multiple datasets
> (each file is one participant). The only one not working is the command
> that identifies zeros in my datasets and changes them to NAs. But when I
> look at the output, zeros ("0") are still present. Surprisingly, the
> functions work fine when I apply them to a single
> >>> > dataset (outside the loop). I've tried:
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> all.files <- list.files(".")
> >>> >>> txt.files <- grep("threat.txt",all.files,value=T)
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> for(i in txt.files){
> >>> >>> d <- read.table(paste(i,sep=""),header=F)
> >>> >>> d[d==0] <- NA #replace zeros with NA
> >>> >>> write.table(d, paste0(i,".tlbs.txt"), quote=FALSE,
> row.names=TRUE)}
> >>> >>> d<-d[ ,-c(10,11)]
> >>> >>> d2<-d[complete.cases(d), ]
> >>> >>> d2$V4<-as.numeric(d2$V4)
> >>> >>> congruent <- (d2$V4 == 1) == TRUE
> >>> >>> x <- get_tlbs(d2$V14, congruent, prior_weights = NULL, method
> = "weighted", fill_gaps = FALSE)
> >>> >>> write.table(x, paste0(i,".tlbs.txt"), quote=FALSE,
> row.names=TRUE)}
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> I've also tried:
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> for(i in txt.files){
> >>> >>> d <- read.table(paste(i,sep=""),header=F)
> >>> >>> if (0 %in% d)
> >>> >>> {replace_with_na(d,replace = list(x = 0))} # replace zeros
> with NA
> >>> >>> d<-d[ ,-c(10,11)]
> >>> >>> d2<-d[complete.cases(d), ]
> >>> >>> d2$V4<-as.numeric(d2$V4)
> >>> >>> congruent <- (d2$V4 == 1) == TRUE
> >>> >>> x <- get_tlbs(d2$V14, congruent, prior_weights = NULL, method
> = "weighted", fill_gaps = FALSE)
> >>> >>> write.table(x, paste0(i,".summaryoutput.txt"), quote=FALSE,
> row.names=TRUE)}
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> Thank you for your help.
> >>> >>> Sincerely
> >>> >>> Helen
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>> ______________________________________________
> >>> >>> R-help using r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> >>> >>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> >>> >>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> >>> >>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> >>> >>>
> >>> >>
> >>> >> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
> >>> >>
> >>> >> ______________________________________________
> >>> >> R-help using r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> >>> >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> >>> >> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> >>> >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> >>> >>
> >>> >>
> >>> >
> >>> > --
> >>> > Michael
> >>> > http://www.dewey.myzen.co.uk/home.html
> >>>
> >>> ______________________________________________
> >>> R-help using r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> >>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> >>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> >>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
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