[R] OT: A test with dependent samples.

[Bert Gunter]

 Ah, experimental units,again ... a subject little taught by statisticians
that is often the crux of the matter. As here.

The cat is the experimental unit. There are 73 of them. 12 of them
experienced vomiting after treatment. What's a confidence interval for the
true proportion based on our sample of 73? binom.test(12,72) gives us .088
to .27 for an exact 2 sided interval (and a P value of 2.2e-16 for the null
= 0).

Seems rather convincing -- and simple -- to me!

-- Bert Gunter

-----Original Message-----
From: r-help-bounces at r-project.org [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On
Behalf Of David Winsemius
Sent: Tuesday, February 10, 2009 1:51 PM
To: Rolf Turner
Cc: R-help Forum
Subject: Re: [R] OT: A test with dependent samples.

In the biomedical arena, at least as I learned from Rosner's  
introductory text, the usual approach to analyzing paired 2 x 2 tables  
is McNemar's test.

?mcnemar.test

 > mcnemar.test(matrix(c(73,0,61,12),2,2))

	McNemar's Chi-squared test with continuity correction

data:  matrix(c(73, 0, 61, 12), 2, 2)
McNemar's chi-squared = 59.0164, df = 1, p-value = 1.564e-14

The help page has citation to Agresti.

-- 
David winsemius
On Feb 10, 2009, at 4:33 PM, Rolf Turner wrote:

>
> I am appealing to the general collective wisdom of this
> list in respect of a statistics (rather than R) question.  This  
> question
> comes to me from a friend who is a veterinary oncologist.  In a  
> study that
> she is writing up there were 73 cats who were treated with a drug  
> called
> piroxicam.  None of the cats were observed to be subject to vomiting  
> prior
> to treatment; 12 of the cats were subject to vomiting after treatment
> commenced.  She wants to be able to say that the treatment had a  
> ``significant''
> impact with respect to this unwanted side-effect.
>
> Initially she did a chi-squared test.  (Presumably on the matrix
> matrix(c(73,0,61,12),2,2) --- she didn't give details and I didn't  
> pursue
> this.) I pointed out to her that because of the dependence --- same 73
> cats pre- and post- treatment --- the chi-squared test is  
> inappropriate.
>
> So what *is* appropriate?  There is a dependence structure of some  
> sort,
> but it seems to me to be impossible to estimate.
>
> After mulling it over for a long while (I'm slow!) I decided that a
> non-parametric approach, along the following lines, makes sense:
>
> We have 73 independent pairs of outcomes (a,b) where a or b is 0
> if the cat didn't barf, and is 1 if it did barf.
>
> We actually observe 61 (0,0) pairs and 12 (0,1) pairs.
>
> If there is no effect from the piroxicam, then (0,1) and (1,0) are
> equally likely.  So given that the outcome is in {(0,1),(1,0)} the
> probability of each is 1/2.
>
> Thus we have a sequence of 12 (0,1)-s where (under the null  
> hypothesis)
> the probability of each entry is 1/2.  Hence the probability of this
> sequence is (1/2)^12 = 0.00024.  So the p-value of the (one-sided)  
> test
> is 0.00024.  Hence the result is ``significant'' at the usual levels,
> and my vet friend is happy.
>
> I would very much appreciate comments on my reasoning.  Have I made  
> any
> goof-ups, missed any obvious pit-falls?  Gone down a wrong garden  
> path?
>
> Is there a better approach?
>
> Most importantly (!!!): Is there any literature in which this  
> approach is
> spelled out?  (The journal in which she wishes to publish will  
> almost surely
> demand a citation.  They *won't* want to see the reasoning spelled  
> out in
> the paper.)
>
> I would conjecture that this sort of scenario must arise reasonably  
> often
> in medical statistics and the suggested approach (if it is indeed  
> valid
> and sensible) would be ``standard''.  It might even have a name!   
> But I
> have no idea where to start looking, so I thought I'd ask this  
> wonderfully
> learned list.
>
> Thanks for any input.
>
> 	cheers,
>
> 		Rolf Turner
>
> ######################################################################
> Attention:\ This e-mail message is privileged and confid...{{dropped: 
> 9}}
>
> ______________________________________________
> R-help at r-project.org mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

______________________________________________
R-help at r-project.org mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.